Passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma (CP), hyperimmune Оі-globulin, or artificially produced monoclonal antibodies are beneficial for treatment or prophylaxis of several infections, and these approaches are under investigation as potential therapeutic modalities for the management and prevention of COVID-19. Thus, an effective evidence-based therapeutic intervention is urgently needed to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and length of in-hospital stay for patients with COVID-19.

In the absence of definitive treatment against this new human pathogen, clinical management of hospitalized, severely ill patients remains mainly supportive care, including oxygen and mechanical ventilation, and is based largely on preclinical studies or previous experience with severe acute respiratory syndromeвЂ“related coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Consequently, other therapeutic strategies to impair virus infection or to counteract further disease spread are still needed, at least until more effective drugs are available or vaccines are distributed and administered to everyone.

These factors, combined with public hesitation around vaccination, have casted doubt on the likelihood of achieving worldwide herd immunity in the near future.

Дespite this incredible progress on COVID-19,В many challenges remain post vaccine development including ongoing vaccine deployment, large-scale production and distribution of billions of vaccine doses, and uncertainty over the effectiveness of current vaccines against more transmissible new variants. Moreover, the unprecedented development of multiple COVID-19 vaccines capable of eliciting immunological protection, in less than a year from identification of the causative agent, has been a remarkable success and remains the best hope for ending this pandemic. To that end, great advances in understanding the biology of this new coronavirus and the natural history of the disease have been achieved. The magnitude and urgency of this public health emergency has prompted global scientific collaborations to seek rapid solutions via repurposing of previously approved broad-spectrum antivirals (remdesivir, ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, interferon) and therapeutic doses of corticosteroids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone) for high-risk patients while fast-tracking development of vaccines and other novel therapeutics. As SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging new mutant strains (which may be associated with an increased efficiency of viral replication, transmission, and virulence in humans) continue to spread globally, international research efforts are being accelerated to identify effective preventive and therapeutic approaches to mitigate its impact. As such, COVID-19 represents an overwhelming universal health crisis, and the burden of this disease continues to threaten lives and livelihoods worldwide. Growing evidence also suggests that some patients with COVID-19, including those with milder symptoms, will have a prolonged course of recovery including fatigue, cognitive impairment, and cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Case-fatality rates range from 4% to 50%,В with higher mortality observed in the most critically ill. COVID-19 is characterized by a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild subclinical infection with self-limiting respiratory tract illness (dry cough, fever, fatigue, difficulty breathing) to severe progressive manifestations (acute respiratory distress, hypercoagulation, hyperinflammation, multi-organ dysfunction, death) in high-risk patients with known comorbidities (advanced age, diabetes, obesity, cardiopulmonary disease).

This is the third coronavirus to emerge in the past two decades, causing multinational outbreaks and carrying substantial morbidity and mortality. SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, was declared a pandemic in early 2020 by the World Health Organization.

Jim fink options strategy